Update Python version support to 3.12+

This commit updates the CI configuration, pyproject.toml, and codebase to drop support for Python versions below 3.12 and add support for Python 3.13. Type hints are updated to use modern syntax, and redundant checks for extraction filter support are removed as Python 3.12+ always supports filters.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.12", "3.13"]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
           pytest -v --cov=tzst --cov-report=xml
 
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.11'
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.12'
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
         with:
           file: ./coverage.xml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: "3.11"
+          python-version: "3.12"
 
       - name: Install build dependencies
         run: |
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: "3.11"
+          python-version: "3.12"
 
       - name: Fetch PyPI version
         id: pypi_version